英语定语从句复习需要注意的问题（一）

巩 勃

“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句是关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句之间的纽带,它多用于正式文体中,用法较为复杂,在教材中未系统出现过,而在近几年高考试卷中频繁出现,故有必要作一总结。   

  一、 关系代词的确定

  “介词+关系代词”类型定语从句中,介词前置时,关系代词不能用that和who,只能用which(先行词为物),whom(先行词为人)和whose(表示“……的”);介词后置时,限制性定语从句中,which可用that,whom也可用who,that替换,且都可省略。例如:

  1. I have many friends,_________some are businessmen.

   A. of them  B. from which  C. who of  D. of whom

  2. The schools themselves admit that not all children willbe sucessful in the jobsthey are being traine D.

    A. in that  B. for that     C. in which D. for which

  3. Last month, part of SoutheastAsia was struck by floods, from_________effects the people are still suffering.

   A. that B. whose C. those D. what

  4. Albert Einstein, for_________life had once been very hard,was very sucessful later in the science.  

   A. whom B. whose  C. which D. his

  5. —Why does she always ask you for help?

  —There is no one else_________, is there?

   A. who to turn to   B. she can turn to   C. for whom to turn  D. for her to turn

  

  二、介词的确定

若从句的谓语动词为不及物动词或“be+形容词”,介词的确定主要依据不及物动词或形容词的固定搭配;此外主要依据主从句的逻辑联系以及从句中名词与先行词在上下文所表达的意义或某种习惯搭配、固定搭配等来确定。例如:

1.上下文意义与介词的搭配

 

  The city which I live in is a beautiful one.

 

  = The city in which I live is a beautiful one.

 

  = The city where I live is a beautiful one.

 

  The boy whom you talked with is my brother.

 

  = The boy with whom you talked is my brother.

 

  We will never forget the day when we visited the Great Wall.

 

  = We will never forget the day on which we visited the Great Wall.

 

  2.动词与介词的固定搭配

   如果定语从句中的动词为含有介词的短语动词，而关系代词又作该介词的宾语时，其介词的位置要放在动词之后，一般不前置。

 

  That is the book which she was looking for.

 

  He is the man whom you can safely depend on.

 

  This is the baby whom she is taking care of.

 

  3.形容词与介词的固定搭配

 

 如果定语从句中的形容词与介词有固定搭配时，其介词往往前置，放在关系代词的前面。

 

  We'll visit the Mountain Tai, for which Shandong is famous in the world.

 

  You'd better not bring your child to see the animals of which he is afraid.

 

  4.介词of 与关系代词的搭配

 

  介词of 与关系代词搭配，而且介词of之前常出现名词、代词、数词等时，此结构多用于非限制性定语从句。

 

  I lost a book, the title of which I can't remember now.

 

  = I lost a book, of which I can't remember the title now.

 

  I found a house, the roof of which had been damaged.

 

  = I found a house of which the roof had been damaged.

 

  At the scene there were two cigarettes, one of which was stained with lipstick.

 

  = At the scene there were two cigarettes, of which one was stained with lipstick.

 

  The ten students were killed in the accident, eight of whom were girls.

 

  = The ten students were killed in the accident, of whom eight were girls.

5. that 可以替代which / whom的搭配

   通常that 之前不能带介词，只有当介词位于从句末尾时，that方可代替which。如，The city which I live in is a beautiful one. 此处的which可由that 替代，但不能说, The city in that I live is a beautiful one.再比如，The boy whom you talked with is my brother. 或The boy with whom you talked is my brother.可以说The boy that you talked with is my brother.但不能说The boy with that you talked is my brother.

 

  that 只有在特殊的、个别的场合下，才能前带介词。如，in that (因为)，but / except / save that(除了)。

  6. American womenusually identify their best friend as someone_________they can talk frequently.

   A. who B. as   C. about which  D. with whom

  7. In the dark street there wasn’t a single person_________she could turn for help.

   A. that B. who   C. from whom D. to whom

  8. He was educated at a local grammar school,_________he went on to Cambridge.

    A. from which B. after that   C. after which D. from this

  9. Mark was a student at this university from 1992 to 2003,_________he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students’ Union.  

   A. during which   B. for which time  C. during which time  D. by that time

  

  三、关系副词常可转换为“介词+ which”的形式

  关系副词why,when,where在句中作状语时,可用“介词+which”替换: why = for+which, when = on / at / in / ... + which,where = at / on / in / ... + which。例如:

  10. Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes_________people were eaten by the tiger. (2005 广东卷)

   A. that  B. by which   C. which D. in which

  11. The place_________the bridge is supposed to be built should bethe crossriver traffic is the heaviest. (2005 江苏卷)

   A. which； where   B. at which； which

   C. at which； where  D which； in which

  12. In a sports team each player has a clear role, and there are few occassions_________members are confused or uncertain of their roles.

   A. on which  B. at which   C. where D. then

 四、关系代词whose可转换为“介词 + which(whom)”

  “whose + 名词”可与“the + 名词 + of which (whom)”或“of which (whom) + the + 名词”互换。例如:

  13. The journey around the worldwould take the sailor nine months,_________the sailing time was 226 days.

   A. of which  B. during which   C. from which  D. for which

  14. The little child often helps the old woman on Sundays,_________the only child is serving in the army.

   A. whose B. who   C. of whom D. on which

  

  五、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句常可省略为“介词+关系代词+不定式”的形式

  当“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句的主语与主句的主语相同时,可以把定语从句省略为不定式,即“介词+关系代词+不定式”的形式。例如:

  15. Frank’s dream was to havehis own shop___to produce the workings of his own hands.

   A. that B. in which   C. by which  D. how

  

  六、 from which与from where 引导的定语从句的区别

  介词from后除了接代词或名词作宾语外,还可接介词短语或副词短语作宾语?当先行词为地点名词时,应该选用from which；当先行词为表示地点的介词短语或副词短语时,应该选用from where。例如:

  16. His head soon appeared out of the window, from_____he saw nothing but the trees.

   A. which  B. that  C. where D. it

  17. Mr Brown lives a dozen blocks awaythe riots(骚乱) began.

   A. from which B. from there   C. from where  D. in where

  

  七、“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句与关系代词引导定语从句的区别

  当定语从句中谓语动词与先行词是动宾关系时,若动词为不及物动词,则必须用“介词+关系代词”;反之,则直接用关系代词作宾语。例如:

  18. Tom said that he wouldfinish the work in one week,_________I wondered completely.

   A. which B. at which   C. in which  D. on which

  19. They stayed with me for three weeks,_________they drunk all the wine I ha D.

   A. which           B. which time    C. during which time  D. during which

  20. This is an unpleasant subject we might arguefor a long while.

   A. which  B. in which   C. about which D. with which

  

  八、“介词+which/whom”与“介词+what / who(m)ever”的区别

  “介词 + which / whom”引导的是定语从句;而“介词 + what / who(m)ever”是名词性从句,其中what相当于“名词 + that (which / who)”,who(m)ever相当于“anyone who(m)”，要分清两种从句。例如:

  21. The way he did it was different_________we were used to.  

   A. in which B. in what   C. from what  D. from which

  22. A modern city has been set upin_________was a wasteland ten years ago.

   A. what B. which C. that D. where 

Keys:

1. D 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. D 11. C 12. A

13. A 14. C 15. B 16. C 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. C 21. C 22. A

 

（工作单位  西安市西电中学）