高考英语阅读题型分类专攻
（一）主旨大意题
【专项诠释】
一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心思想展开的。不少文章一开头便展示出文章的主题，特别是新闻报道，第一小段通常是故事的梗概，这一段往往表达了文章的中心思想；在文章的段落中，则通常由开头的一句作为主题句(topic sentence)来概括该段的中心思想。主题句一般具有三个特点：
1．表述的意思比较概括，相对主题句来看，这种概括性更为明显。
2．句子结构较简单，多数都不采用长、难句的形式。
3．段落中其他的句子必定是用来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表述的主题思想。
理解一篇文章的主旨大意首先要学会寻找主题句。一般来说，在一个段落中，主题句的位置有五种情况：
1）主题句在段首：在有主题句的段落中，主题句位于段首的可能性最大。通常用演绎法撰写的段落，往往遵循从一般到个别的写作程序，即以概述开始，随之详细解说。
2）主题句在段尾：与主题句位于段首的情况相反，主题句位于段尾时，通常用归纳法撰写。表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此而结尾。位于段尾的主题句往往陈述依据上文的细节的结论或建议，归纳的要点或共性以及得出的观察印象或结果。
3）主题句在段中：当主题句位于段中，开段的句子往往表述段落要论述的主题，而主题则由随之引出的句子来表达。此外，为阐明主题思想，在主题句之后，仍有一些句子陈述细节，或作合乎逻辑的引申。这一类的段落包括三个层次：引题——主题——解释，或提问——回答——解释。
4）主题句在段首和段尾：在一些文段中，作者为了突出主题思想，并暗示读者，这段文章中的意思比其他的段更重要。采用了前后呼应、两次点题的写作乎法。值得注意的是，表述同一主题思想的两个主题句，在句型结构和用词方面往往不尽—致，而且在内容上后者也不是前者的简单重复，多半有所引申或顺应其向细节的铺叙而有所侧重。
5）主题句暗含在段中：不是所有的段落都有主题句。尤其是在多段文章中，主题句并没有明确表述。阅读这样的文段，主要通过对细节的陈述或概括各段的主题思想，含蓄地表达文段的主题思想。对于无主题句的文段，不可能采用辩论主题句的方法来获取其主题思想。而应正确理解作者提供的所有细节，包括事实、观点和事件，在大脑中形成初步印象。然后发挥自己的逻辑概括能力，概括作者提供的事实、观点和事件，综合归纳成一般概念。这种概念不一定能达到主题句那样完整，但只要切合文段的主题即可。
这类试题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，也包括分析、归纳文章的段落大意、重要睛节、人物特征、环境特点的能力。这种试题要求学生把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心句；要求能较好地运用概念、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，难度较大，属于高层次题。在运用多项选择法考查学生这方面的阅读理解能力时，对大多数短文(段落)的主题(subject)，中心思想(mabidea)，标题(titlle)或作者的写作目的(pUI'[X)se)加以拟题。拟题大致有以下固定的提问方式：
1．The subiect of the paragraph (passage)is______.
2．The paragraph(passage)deals with______.
3．What topic iS treated in this paragraph(passage)?
4. The main idea of the paragraph(passage)is ______.
5. From the paragraph (passage) we know that ______.
6. The paragraph (passage)could be entitled
7. Which of the following is the best title for the paragraph(passage)?
8. What is the author's main pupose?
凡遇到这样的一些问题,我们都应从理解主题思想去考虑答案是哪一个。
【技巧点金】
主题的确定可以通过寻找主题句的方法实现，熟悉上面所说的命题规律即可。但相当一部分阅读短文的主题句并不出现，这时更有效的方法是结合前面提到的归纳技巧，从两个方面进行概括：论述的对象是哪些（包括何人、何事、何物、何种观点等）；论述该对象的哪些方面（干什麽、怎麽样等）。
①在时间紧迫的情况下，只读首位段，答案很可能就在这些段落中。如：
Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties.It is agreed that they enjoy making noises ,and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight ,distress, sociability, and so on.But since these cannot be said to show the baby’s intention to communicate ,they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language.It is agreed ,too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment ,and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire (能发出的全部声音).This self-imitation leads on to deliberate(有意识的)imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people.The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that imitations can be considered as speech.
Q: This paragraph is mainly about ___
A. the development of babies’early forms of language.
B. the difficulties of babies in learning to speak.
C. babies’ strong desire to communicate.
D. babies’intention to communicate.
选A。因为全段都是围绕第一句话展开的。
②阅读时，要特别注意出现频率高的单词，这些词可能就是蕴涵中心思想的关键词。这些关键词可能是同一词多次出现，也可能是同一类词贯穿全文。
③单从选项内容上判断，那些概括全文、内容全面、含义深刻、说明道理的选项一般是答案项，而选项内容片面、形式单一的则应排除。
干扰项的特点
覆盖面太大、太笼统，大大超出了短文论述的范围；覆盖面窄，在内容上只涉及短文的某一部分或若干要点；仅为短文的某一要点甚至某一细节；与短文内容擦边，但偏离文章主题；暗示推论题，只是局部信息，或是一句没有展开论述的话，或是某一段的主要内容。
【真题集训】
A
总词数 290
难度系数﹡﹡﹡﹡（中）
建议用时 7分钟
知识锦囊
A characteristic of American culture that has become almost a tradition is to respect the self-made man--the man who has risen to the top through his own efforts, usually beginning by working with his hands. While the leader in business or in- dustry or the college professor occupies a higher social position and commands greater respect in the community than the com- mon laborer or even the skilled factory worker, he may take pains to point out that his father started life in America as a farmer or laborer of some sort.
This attitude toward manual (体力的) labor is now still seen in many aspects of American lif~ One is invited to dinner at a home that is not only comfortably but even luxuriously (豪华地) furnished and in which there is every evidence of the fact that the family has been able to afford foreign travel, expensive hobbies, and college education for the children; yet the hostess probably will cook the dinner herself, will serve it herself and will wash dishes afterward, furthermore the dinner will not consist merely of something quickly and easily assembled from contents of various cans and a cake or a pie bought at the near- by bakery. On the contrary, the hostess usually takes pride in careful preparation of special dishes. A professional man may talk about washing the car, digging in his flowerbeds, painting the house. His wife may even help with these things, just as he often helps her with the dishwashing. The son who is away at college may wait on table and wash dishes for his living, or during the summer he may work with a construction gang on a highway in order to pay for his education.
1. From Paragraph 1 , we can know that in America
A. people tend to have a high opinion of the self--made man
B. people can always rise to the top through their own efforts
C. college professors win great respect from common workers
D. people feel painful to mention their fathers as laborers
2. According to the passage, the hostess cooks dinner herself mainly because
A. servants in America are hard to get
B. she takes pride in what she can do herself
C. she can hardly afford servants
D. it is easy to prepare a meal with canned food
3. The expression "wait on table" in the second paragraph means
A. work in a furniture shop
B. keep accounts for a bar
C. wait to lay the table
D. serve customers in a restaurant
4. Which of the following may serve as the best title of the passage?
A. A Respectable Self--made Family
B. American Attitude toward Manual Labor
C. Characteristics of American Culture
D. The Development of Manual Labo
B
总词数 383
难度系数﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡（难）
建议用时 8分钟
知识锦囊
If there is no difference in general intelligence (智力) between boys and girls, what can explain girls' poor performance in science and mathematics?
It seems to be that their treatment at school is a directcause. Mathematics and science are seen as subjects mainly for boys, and therefore, as girls become teenagers, they are less likely to take them. Interestingly, both boys and girls often re- gard the subjects for boys as more difficult. Yet it has been suggested that girls do not take mathematics courses, not be- cause they are difficult, but for social reasons. Girls do not want to be in open competition with boys because they are afraid to appear less feminine (女性的) and attractive.
However, if we examine the performance of boys and girls who have taken mathematics courses, there are still more high- achieving boys than there are girls. This difference appears to be world-wide. Biological explanations have been offered for this, but there are other explanations too.
Perhaps the difference which comes out during the teenage years has its roots in much earlier experiences. From their first days in kindergarten, boys are encouraged to work on their own and to complete tasks. Facts show that outstanding (杰出的) mathematicians and scientists have not had teachers who supplied answers.
Besides, there can be little doubt that teachers of mathematics and science expect their boy students to do better at these subjects than their girl students. They even appear to encourage the difference between boys and girls. They spend more time with the boy students, giving them more time to answer questions and working harder to get correct answers from them. They are more likely to call on boys for answers and toallow them to take the lead in classroom discussion. They also praise boys more frequently. All of this seems to encourage boys to work harder in science and mathematics and to give them confidence(信心) that they are able to succeed.
Such a way of teaching is not likely to encourage girls to take many mathematics and science courses, nor is it likely to support girls who do. When it comes to these subjects it seems certain that school widens the difference between boys and girls.
1. Girls are likely to think that___________.
A. science courses are for both boys and girls
B. science courses make them more popular
C. science courses make them successful
D. science courses are difficult for them
2. The text mainly discusses ______ reasons for the difference between boys and girls in scientific achievements.
A. biological B. historical
C. social D. personal
3. What are boys usually encouraged to do at school?
A. To get help with their homework.
B. To play the leading role in class.
C. To work with girl students in class.
D. To learn to take care of others.
4. What does the passage say about great mathematicians?
A. Their teachers did not supply answers to them.
B. They started learning mathematics at an earlier age.
C. They showed mathematical abilities in their teenage years.
D. Their success resulted from their strong interest in math ematics.
5. The author would probably agree that ______.
A. boys and girls learn in the same way
B. boys and girls are equal in general intelligence
C. girls are more confident in themselves than before
D. girls should take fewer science courses than boys
C
总词数 395
难度系数﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡（难）
建议用时 8分钟
知识锦囊
It was a warm April day when a big fat envelope came in themail from theonlycOllege I had ever iiliagined attending． I to reopen the packet． My eyes were nxed on the word“congratulations” I don't remember ever smiling so Wide．Then I l00ked at my financial(财政)package.
Thecost of Dream School’s tuition(学费)，room and board was around(40，000 an impossible sum!How conld I afford to attend?What good reasons did I have to go there when three other fine colleges were offering me free tuittion? My other choices were good，solid schools even if they weren't as famous as my first choice．
In my mind，attending my dream university Would be the only way to realize my dream of becoming a world--class writer. My parents understood how I felt. They told me that even though it would be a financial problem, I could go wherever I would be happiest. But as I was always careful with money, I wasn't sure what to do.
One of the schools that offered me a full ride had an informational dinner one night in the spring. Considering my parents'financial difficulties, I decided to drive the 45 minutes and attend. At first, all I had planned to do was to smile politely, eat free food, listen quietly. But I surprised myself.
At dinner the president of the university talked about the wonderful activities on campus (校园) including guest lectures and social gatherings. He also made it perfectly clear that free food would be offered at all future events. He continued with explanations of professors, class sizes, activities, and sporting events on campus. As he spoke, I began to realize that this school, though not as good as my first choice, might be the best one for me. It seemed small yet with many great programs. It seemed challenging yet caring.
As the president ended his speech, we clapped politely and pushed back our chairs. As I walked out of that door, a feeling of comfort washed over me. Looking at the campus that night, I realized that I would be spending the next four years right there.
In all honesty, my university is not as well--known as my "dream" university. However, it turned out to be the right choice of schools for me.
1. How did the author feel when he started to read the letter?
A. He was full of joy.
B. He was lost in his dream.
C. He was worried about the money.
D. He was uncertain which school to go to.
2. We can learn from the passage that the parents were____.
A. honest B. strict
C. supportive D. decisive
3. In Paragraph 5, "offered me a full ride" can be replaced by______.
A. would pay for transport to the school
B. would show me around the campus
C. would offer free meals at all events
D. would charge me nothing for tuition
4. What does the author mainly want to say?
A. Your second-choice college may actually be your best fit.__________
B. You should consider comfort in your choice of schools.
C. You should try your best to attend your dream school.
D. Your choice of schools should be based on their fame.
（二）细节理解题
【专项诠释】
细节事实理解题主要考查考生对文章中某一些特定细节或文章的重要实事的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语义理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要学生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。而语义理解题须将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换才能得出结论。这类题目要求考生能理解原文中某个短语或句子的含义，从而找到与答案意思相同的词语和句子。这种题属于中档层次题。在历年高考题中占大多数。
细节事实类题型多种多样，但有一些常见的方式：
1．Which of the following is true／false／mentioned?
2．What does the writer iter pay least attenti on to?
3．Choose the right order of the events given in the passage．
4．A
5．Which of the following gmaps／diagrams gives the right position of．．．?
一篇文章有了它所涉及的中心思想，即话题，确定了要表达的中心思想，还必须通过许多细节的信息来进一步解释或表达主题体现中心思想，因此细节是一篇文章的大部分篇幅，也是考生阅读过程中需要理解的主要内容，在阅读测试中，这类试题占大部分。
【技巧点金】
事实细节题中常有两个选择项语意较近，会令考生举棋不定。提高这类试题的答题正确率的一个重要技巧是，在答题中不忘主题、围绕主题。正确的选项往往是与短文主题密切相关的那一选项，因为作为命题内容的细节一般总是短文的要点或主要论据。
①词性和句式转换
细节题一般是利用词性转换、同义词、近义词或一些意思相近的语句来考查考生对原文表达的细节信息的词汇、惯用法的正确理解。但有时正确选项与原文的表达不尽相同，一般会在词语或句型上有些变化。比如原文用的是双重否定，而选项中却用的是肯定的句式；或原文与选项互为反义词。无论怎样，这种变化只是词语和句法上的变化，但意思一致，即原文表达具体事实和细节的信息值与题干加选项的信息值虽在用词和句法上有所区别，但意思相同。比如：
I am usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves they were 50 years ago．While any of these statements might be true ，they are practically impossible to prove scientifically．Still ，I was struck by a report which concluded that todayˊs children are significantly more anxious than children in the 1950s ．In fact，the analysis showed ，normal children ages 9 to 17 exhibit a higher level of anxiety today than children who were treated for mental illness 50 years ago．
Ｑ：According to an analysis ，compared with normal children today ，children treated as mentally ill 50 years ago＿
A．were less isolated physically．
B.were probably less self-centered．
C． probably suffered less form anxiety．
D．were considered less individualistic．
选C。原文最后一句的意思与本题中的“题干+正确选项”相同，但children treated as mentally ill 50 years ago 在句子的地位变了，一个是比较的对象，一个是句子的主语。原文与正确选项相互对应的词语有exhibit 与suffer ；higher与less。
又如：
Some studies suggest that straight ，horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half。However ，traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bars
Q ：What dose the author say about straight ，horizontal bars painted across roads ？
A．They are falling out of use in the United States．
B They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time ．
C．They are applicable only on broad roads．
D．They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles．
选B。原文最后一句中as引导的原因状语从句与答案选项的意思相同。
②句际关系与句子结构分析
这种情况主要涉及一些要求对一些指代性名词和代词在句中的意思进行辨认的题型。由于这种题实际上并不是要求对词本身的理解，因为这些词或其词义我们都很熟悉。这种题考察的是上下文之间的关系是否清楚，是对细节信息的考察，是事实细节题，而不是语义理解题。如：
Observers noted down the referees errors ，of which there were 61 over the tournament．Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes ，each referee made almost 23 mistakes ，a remarkably high number．
The research then studied the videotapes to analyze the matches in detail．Surprisingly ，he found that errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident．When the officials got it right ，they were ，on average ，17 meters away from the action．The average distance is about 20 meters．
Q：The world “official”（Line 2，Para 2）most probably refers to ＿．
A．the researcher involved in the experiment．
B．the inspectors of the football tournament．
C．the referees of the football tournament．
D．the observers at the site of the experiment．
选C。officials 所在的句子和前面的 errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident 在语义上是对比关系，说的是赛场上的裁判在距离事发地点远与近时判罚的失误情况不同。
通过以上例题可以看出，细节实事题大多可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字或相关的部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语，也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句。
③ 干扰项的特点
与短文细节部分不同，部分相悖；是短文细节，但不是要点或主要论据；是短文细节，但不符合题干要求，题干指向的应在短文其他位置；与常识相吻合但不符合题干要求，提干指向的应在短文其他位置；与常识相吻合但短文未提及。
短文未提及；明显与短文细节不符或短文未提及。
【真题集训】
A
总词数 265
难度系数﹡﹡﹡﹡（中）
建议用时 6分钟
知识锦囊
Children have their own rules in playing games. They seldom need a referee (裁判) and rarely trouble to keep scores. They don't care much about who wins or' loses, and it doesn't seem to worry them if the game is not finished. Yet, they like games that depend a lot on luck, so that their personal abilities cannot be directly compared. ~They also enjoy games that move in stages, in which each stage, the choosing of leaders, the picking-up of sides, or the determining of which side shall start, is almost a game in itself.
Grown-ups can hardly find children's games exciting, and they often feel puzzled at why their kids play such simple games again and again. However, it is found that a child plays games for very important reasons. He can be a good player without having to think whether he is a popular person, and he can find himself being a useful partner to some- one of whom he is ordinarily afraid. He becomes a leader when it comes to his turn. He can be confident, too, in par- ticular games that it is his place to give orders, to pretend to be dead, to throw a b典型例题ually at someone, or to kiss some- one he has caught.
It appears to us that when children play a game they imagine a situation under their controk Everyone knows the rules, and more importantly, everyone plays according to the rules. Those rules may be childish, but they make sure that everychild has a chance to win.
1. What is true about children when they play games?
A. They can stop playing any time they like.
B. They can test their personal abilities.
C. They want to pick a better team.
D. They don't need rules.
2. To become a leader in a game, the child has to _______.
A. play well
B. wait for his turn
C. be confident in himself
D.be popular among his playmates
3. What do we know about grown-ups?
A. They are not interested in games.
B. They find children's games too easy.
C. They don't need a reason to play games.
D. They don't understand children's games.
4. Why does a child like playing games?
A. Because he can be someone other than himself.
B. Because he can become popular among friends.
C. Because he finds he is always lucky in games.
D. Because he likes the place where he plays a game.
5. The writer believes that_______.
A. children should make better rules for their games
B. children should invite grown-ups to play with them
C. children's games can do them a lot of good
D. children play games without reasons
B
总词数 200
难度系数﹡﹡﹡（易）
建议用时 6分钟
知识锦囊
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1. What 15 the purpose of the text ?
A. To introduce a language school in Japan.
B. To hire language teachers to work in Japan
C.To describe working conditions in Japan.
D. To make clear the requirements for Japanese teachers
2. We know from the text that those who are going to Japan will_______.
A. teach English only in Osaka
B. receive a degree from a university
C. have free accommodation
D. get trained for the job
3. Before going to Japan, you need _______.
A. to see the manager of NOVA France
B. to take some computer courses
C. to write a letter to Japan
D. to find a place to live
4. If you want to work in Japan you should_______.
A.have some working experience
B. know how to use computers
C. present good teaching plans
D. speak several languages Passage
C
总词数 378
难度系数﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡（难）
建议用时 9分钟
知识锦囊
How Long Can People Live?
She took up skating at age 85, made her first movie appearance at age 114, and held a concert in the neighborhood on her 121st birthday.
When it comes to long life. Jeanne Calment is the world's recordholder. She lived to the ripe old age of 122. So is 122 the upper limit to the human life span(寿命)? If scientists come up with some sort of pill or diet that would slow aging, could we possibly make it to 150——or beyond?
Researchers don't entirely agree on the answers. "Calment lived to 122, so it wouldn't surprise me if someone alive today reaches 130 or 135, "says Jerry Shay at the University of Texas.
Steve Austad at the University of Texas agrees. "People can live much longer than we think, "he says. "Experts used to say that humans couldn't live past 110. When Calment blewpast that age, they raised the number to 120. So why can't we go higher?"
The trouble with guessing how old people can live to be is that it's all just guessing. "Anyone can make up a number," says Rich Miller at the University of Michigan. "Usually the scientist who picks the highest number gets his name in Time magazine."
Won't new anti-aging techniques keep us alive for centu ries? Any cure, says Miller, for aging would probably keep most of us kicking until about 120. Researchers are working on treatments that lengthen the life span of mice by 50 percent at most. So, if the average human life span is about 80 years, says Miller, "adding another 50 percent would get you to 120."
So what can we conclude from this little disagreement a mong the researchers? That life span is flexible (有弹性的) but there is a limit, says George Martin of the University of says. "But a fly's never going to live 150 years. 'Of course, if you became a new species(物种) , one that ages at a slower speed, that would be a different story, he adds.
Does Martin really believe that humans could evolve (进化) their way to longer life? "it's pretty cool to think about," he says with a smile.
1. What does the story of Jeanne Calment prove to us?
A. People can live to 122.
B. Old people are creative.
C. Women are sporty at 85.
D. Women live longer than men.
2. According to Steve Austad at the University of Texas,_________.
A. the average human life span could be 110
B. scientists cannot find ways to slow aging
C. few people can expect to live to over 150
D. researchers are not sure how long people can live
3. Who would agree that a scientist will become famous if he makes the wildest guess at longevity?
A. Jerry Shay. B. Steve Austad.
C. Rich Miller. D. George Martin.
4. What can we infer from the last three paragraphs?
A. Most of us could be good at sports even at 120.
B. The average human life span cannot be doubled.
C. Scientists believe mice are aging at a slower speed than before.
D. New techniques could be used to change flies into a new species.
（三）推理判断题
【专项诠释】
每篇文章都有一定的写作目的，作者往往期待读者读了文章后知道应当怎样去做某些事情或按某种方式思考问题。这层意思通常并不是在文章申明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中。这就要求读者在阅读过程中去沟通外现的和内含的，已述的和未述的含义。这就需要仔细的阅读和认真的思考，在通盘理解文章的基础上去领会作者的言外之意，去掌握语言的微妙之处，真正欣赏和理解阅读的东西；阅读中的推论是很常见的，我们所读的一切几乎都可以做出程度不同的推论。
凡推断出的内容在文章中都没有明确叙述，但却暗含在文字之中。因此在进行推断时，必须以有关的文字部分作为推理的前提和依据。所谓推断，指根据推测而加以判断；而推测总是根据已知的信息推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。据以推理的有关文字部分可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句，甚至全文，要想做出精确的推断，必须注意以下四点。
1．细心地了解文章中所提供的全部信息和信息的各个方面。
2．分析已知的信息，用正确的观点，借助于一些常识，最大限度地捕捉到信息的本质。
3．注意词、句子的本义和与之有关的其他意义。
4．根据己知信息，即短文或有关的文字部分，做出的推断必须与作者的原意相符，切忌以自己的观点取代作者的原意。
推理判断往往包括数据事实推断，常识推断，逻辑结论以及推断作者的写作目的、态度、倾向等几种类型。
1．数据事实推断：这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节。是比较简单的推断。首先在原文中找到据以推理的有关文字部分，对与数字有关的推断，只需简单推算，即可得出结果。对与事实有关的，要加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。
例题：
House prices in England increased sharply between 1971 and 1972. The following records how much a house in Chelsea London, had risen in price since 1955:
Take No. 29 Smith Terrace for example. In 1955,Jane Grey sold for ￡2,000. Mrs Bowena Black bought it for ￡4,900 and sold it nine years later to Bill and Dreen White for ￡22,950. Now four years later. 1)The price of the house was as high in 1972 as in the year Jane Grey sold it.
A. about ten times B. twice C. 150 percent D. fifteen times
2)Mrs Bowena Black made a prof it (利润)of______.
A. ￡2,900 B. ￡8 C.￡7, D. ￡18
3)Of all the tenants,who earned most?
A. The Whites. B. Jane Grey.
C. Mrs Black. D. Mr White.
4)When did Mrs Black buy the house?
A. 1971. B. 1972 C. 1968. D. 1959
5)Jane Grey lived at No. 29 Smith Terrace .
A. for four years B. for nine years C. between 1971 and 1972 D. before 1955
6)If MrS B1aCk had waited four years to setl the house She would have earned as much as_______.
A．￡28，000 B．￡18，
以上各题的推理前提均可在原文中找到。第1题的正确答案须从“In 1955，Jane Grey s典型例题￡2，000，”“…in l972，the house is valued at￡30，000；”这两句话推知，D项对。第2题的正确答案应从“Mrs Bowena Black bought it for￡4，900and sold it nine years later to Billand Dreen White for￡22，9500'得知D项对。第3题的正确答案应从“…Jane Grey sold for￡2，000． Mrs Bowena Black bought it for￡4，900 and so1d it nine years later to Bill and Dreen Whitef or￡22，950．”推知，Mrs Black获利最多。第4题须从“Mrs Bosena Black…and sold it nine years…NOW four years later，in l972…．”得知Mrs Black是在1959年买的房子，故D项为正确答案。第5题可从“In l955，Jane Grey so1d it for￡2，000．”推知D项正确。第6题须从“Mrs Bowena Black．．．￡4，
2．常识推断：有些时候，文章里并没有提供任何可据以推断的材料，或虽有提供，但却不足以推出正确的未知事实。这时便须根据平常积累的有关知识来进行推断。
例: Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.
If metal is heated and then cooled very quicky, for example by dipping it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle(脆)--that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other materials, such as glass. Why do people put hot metal in water?
A. To make it hard.
B. To make it soft.
C. To make it cool.
D. To make it brittle
从文中“by dipping it in water，it will be very hard but also very brittle.”这一信息还不足以推出正确答案。然后根据物理常识，在制造各种工具时，往往采取淬火这一工艺，其目的是使金属变硬以便制成锋利的工具。即可推出选项A为正确答案。
3．逻辑结论：这类推断比前两种困难得多。在阅读过程中，读者必须对文章的全部事实或细节作通盘考虑，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。结论是根据事实作出的惟一决定。要想从一个句子，一个段落或一篇文章中得出正确的结论，读者必须学会善于思考，不断提高自己的逻辑思维能力。
例 Have you ever heard of a sport called tubing? Hundreds of people float down a rushing river at once in old truck-tire tubes. Sometimes many hold hands. At first the ride is bumpy and frightful, for the narrow river rushes swiftly. Then the river widens and grows calm. Never try tubing alone or in rapids, however.
The story suggests that tubing___.
A. should not be done in moving water
B. is done mainly by truck drivers
C. costs a lot of money
D. can be dangerous
根据文中内容数百人乘坐着旧卡车，轮胎在湍急的河水中向下游漂去，颠簸而可怕，可推知这项运动是十分危险的。D项为正确答案。
4．推断作者的写作目的、态度，文章的语气等：这类推断要求对论述对象持何种态度、思想倾向作出判断。如作者对所陈述的观点是赞成，还是反对，对记叙或描写的人或事等是喜欢，或是厌恶；是同情或是冷漠。作者的这种态度和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间，或者流露于修饰的词语之中。因此要做好这类推断须综观全文，掌握主题思想，并以此为推理的前提，还要注意文章的措辞，把握文章论述的基调。
例: Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK, they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes.
Mr Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them? it is always'the fault of the buses or the airplanes.
Mr Neff knows almost everything. He doesn't ask questions? he answers questions. He never says, "I don't know."
I don't know Mm Neff. It seems that not many people know her. I sometimes wonder about her. Is she always right? Or maybe she is always wrong? Dces she often break dishes or miss buses?
Does she have problems? I wonder.
1)Which of the following do you think gives the most important trait (特性) of Mr Neffs character?
A. He is a very wise man.
B. He plans everything well.
C. He is moral and upright.
D. He is very satisfied with himself.
2)Which of the following do you guess is true of Mrs Neff?
A. She probably obeys her husband in everything.
B. She probably feels very proud to be a help of her husband.
C. She probably quarrels with her husband all the time.
D. She probably feels very happy to have such a successful husband.
3)Which of the following best describes the writer's attitude towards Mr Neff?
A. He finds Mr Neff hard to understand.
B. He thinks Mr Neff wonderful.
C. He feels pity for Mr Neff.
D. He does not like Mr Neff.
以上各题的答案均没有直接表述在短文里，必须从字里行间悟出作者的言外之意。本文记叙的是一位一贯正确的人Mr Neff。根据这一主题，可推知他对自己的一切都很满意。第 1题选项D为正确答案。从Mr Neff事事正确，而Mr Neff又鲜为人知出发，可得出结论 Neff夫人在任何事情上都服从于她丈夫这一事实，故第2题A为正确项。尽管短文中没有直接陈述作者对MrNeff这一人物的态度，但从主题思想和某些措辞中仍可悟出作者对Mr Neff很讨厌这一事实。如作者在文章中一再使用“Never”，一词，并还写到．．．Even if he does miss them，it is alway Sthe fault of the buses of the airplanes．”等来暗示他对Mr Neff的厌恶之情，故第3题D为正确答案。
在阅读理解题中，有关针对段落或短文的特定细节、主题思想、常识，以及作者的写作态度、目的等的推断题，常见题型有：
（1）We can infer from the passage (paragraph, fact, example...) that___.
（2）The writer suggests that_____.
（3）From the passage (paragraph, story... ), we can tell_______.
（4）The passage implies, but does not directly state that_______.
（5）We may conclude from the passage that_______.
（6）The writer's (author's) attitude toward is_______.
（7）The tone of the passage is____.
（8）What is the purpose (目的) of this passage?
（9）The passage is intended to _____.
10）Where would this passage most probably appear?
【技巧点金】
这类题目大多问及暗示、推论、结论等。解答这类试题，除了需要精确透彻的理解短文外，还要求考生有一定的推理判断能力。推论虽然必须以短文的某些内容为前提，但推论的结果是一种本来属于未知的东西，所以这类试题的答案不应该是短文内容的简单重述。
①对事实和细节进行归纳概括。
这类题目要求考生不仅能够读懂细节处关键词的意思，还要能够体会言外之意。结合文章的主题进行判断是解决这种题目的有效方式。
…“As our tests became more complex.”Sums up Spilich ,“non-smokers performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins,”He predicts ,smokers might perform adequately at many jobs until they got complicated.A smoking airline pilots could fly adequately if no problems arose but if something went wrong ,smoking might damage his mental capacity.”
Q: We can infer from this paragraph that ___
A. smokers should not expect to become airline pilot.
B. smoking in emergency cases causes mental illness.
C. no airline pilot during flight.
D smokers may prove unequal to handling emergency cases.
选D。从Splich 给出的a smoking airline pilot 的例子可以归纳出答案。
②若针对举例、名人言论、特殊符号后内容出题，只读例子、名人言论、符号前后句的内容即可。
…About six years ago I was eating lunch in a restaurant in New York City when a woman and a young boy sat down at the next table , I couldn’t help overhearing parts of their conversation. At one point the woman asked :“So, how have you been ?”And the boy —who could not have been more than seven or eight years old —replied,“Frankly, I have been feeling a little depressed lately.”
This incident stuck in my mind because it confirmed my growing belief that children are changing.As far as I can remember , my friends and I didn’t find out we were depressed until we were in high school.
Q: According to the author ,feeling depressed is___
A. a sure sign of a psychological problem in a child.
B. something hardly to be expected in a young child.
C. an inevitable phase of children’s mental development.
D. a mental state present in all humans ,including children
作者前面给出了一个自己接触到的实例，后面是评论，所以直接阅读评论内容，就可得解。答案为B。
③如果题目只是针对某一个自己接触到的实例，考生只看该段内容即可答题，而不必等把文章全看完才做题，以防止时间不足而瞎猜。
④选项内容全面，概括说明原文的一般是答案。
干扰项特点
这 是短文内容的简单重述，而非推而论之的“正话反说”或“此话彼说”；似推之而得，但实与原文主题相矛盾；与常识相符合，但并非从短文内容可推知；偏离文章主题，属主观臆断的结论。
【真题集训】
A
总词数 292
难度系数﹡﹡﹡﹡（中）
建议用时 6分钟
知识锦囊
Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile isand, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles west of its nearest neighour, ST. Helena,and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discov- ered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海军上将)of the same name in 15典型例题settled in 1810, the isand belongs to Great Britain and has a population of few hundred.
Coming in a close second--and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant land--is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.
The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around ther 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years,giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous.
On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利领土). They share one street, a small airport, and a few hours of television per day.
1. It can be learned from the text that the island of tristan da Cunha_____.
A. was named after its discoverer
B. got its name from Holland settlers
C. was named by the British govenment
D. got its name from the Guinness Book of Records
2. Wich of the following is most famous for moai?
A. Tristan da Cunha.
B. Pitcairn Island
C. Easter Island. D. St. Helena.
3. Which country does Easter Island belong to?
A. Britain. B. Hollland.
C. Portugal. D. Chile
B
总词数 240
难度系数﹡﹡﹡（易）
建议用时 6分钟
Giving Back Fair Way
The Westborough High School golf team had taken the of- ficial photos with the state prize. The other teams, disappoint- ed, were on the bus heading home. And then Westborough in- structor Greg Rota noticed something wrong on one of the score cards. A 9 had been recorded as a 7. They were not the state prize winner; Woburn High had won. "No one would have known, "said Woburn's instructor, Bob Doraru For Rota, it wasn't a difficult decision." The prize wasn't ours to take. '"Coin Stars"
"College students are lazy, but they also want to help" says University of Pennsylvania graduate Dana Hork. So she made it easy, placing cups in rooms where students could leave their spare coins, and handing out cups to first-year students to keep in their rooms. Her" Change for Change" effort has collected $ 40,000 for charities, which were decided upon by students. Never Forgotten A school in Massachusetts received a $ 9. 5 million check from Jacques LeBermuth But it took officials several days of digging to discover his connection to the school Records showed the LeBermuth came from Belgium and studied in the school in the 1920s. When his family fell on hard times, he was offered free room and board. LeBermuth became a trader, owned shares of AT&T and lived off the earnings until he died, at age 89.
知识锦囊
charities 慈善机构
1. What did Greg Rota probably do in the end?
A. Took photos of Doran.
B. Had a meeting with Doran.
C. Returned the prize to the organizer.
D. Apologized to Woburn High Schook
2. Greg Rota's decision shows that he was _______.
A. honest B. polite
C. careful D. friendly
3. The underlined word "Change" in the second paragraph means_______.
A. Idea B. Decision
C. Cups D. Coins
4. What did the school officials do after receiving the check from Mr. LeBermuth?
A They tried to find out why he gave them the money.
B. They went to Belgium to pay their respects to him.
C. They dug out the records that were buried underground.
D. They decided to offer their students free room and board.
5. Jacques LBermuth gave the money to the school because_______.
A. the school asked for it
B. he had no need for that much money
C. the school had helped him in the past
D. he wanted to be remembered by the students
C
总词数 362
难度系数﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡（难）
建议用时 9分钟
It was an early September day, cool and bright and just right for running, and I was in the first few miles of a 10-mile race over a course with a few high hills. Still, I felt energetic; despite the hills it was going to be a fine run.
Just ahead of me was Peggy Mimno, a teacher from Mount Kisco, New York. She too was running easily, moving along at my speed. The pace felt comfortable, so 1 decided to stay where I was; why pay attention to pace when she was setting such a nice one? I'd overtake her later on when she tired.
So I ran behind her. The course headed north for five miles, wandered west for a hilly mile, then turned south again along a winding road. The race was getting harder. We had four miles left and already it was beginning to be real work.
Peggy overtook a young runner. She seemed to know him, for they exchanged a few cheerful words as she passed him. Their exchange worried me. You don't chat during a race unless you are feeling good, and Peggy plainly was.
Still, I was close enough to overtake her if she tired, so I didn't give up hope completely. We were getting nearer to a long punishing hill now and it would be the test. We were a mile from the finish line, so whatever happened on the hill would almost certainly determine who crossed it first.
As I moved up the hill, my attention wandered for a few minutes. When I looked up, Peggy was moving away--first five yards, then ten, then more. Finally it was clear that there was no hope of catching her. She beat me soundly.
There is an important lesson in that race. Women are thought to be weaker, slower and not nearly as skilled in sport. Yet as Peggy Mimno so clearly showed, the similarities between men and women runners are more important than the differences. I have run with a number of women, and I can say that it is often hard work.
知识锦囊
①course 路线
②pace 步速
③overtake 追上
1. What did the writer think of the race in the beginning?
A. It would be hard work.
C. It would be an easy race.
C. It would be a test of his strength.
D. It would be a good learning experience.
2. What worried the writer when Peggy greeted the young runner?
A. Peggy overtook the young runner.
B. Peggy was running energetically.
C. Peggy was laughing at the writer.
D. Peggy paid no attention to the writer.
3. By saying" a long, punishing hill"(Paragraph 5) , the writer implies that_______.
A. Peggy would fail to reach the hilltop
B. men are more skilled at climbing hills
C. overtaking Peggy would be easy
D. climbing the hill would be a demanding task
4. What lesson does the writer learn from the race?
A. Women are as good as men in sport.
B. Women are better at climbing hills.
C. He should have more training in a cross-country race.
D. He should set a quicker pace at the beginning of a race.
（四）词义猜测题
【专项诠释】
英语的一个显著特点是它庞大的词汇数量。即使一个拥有上万单词量的人在阅读英语读物中也难免会遇到生词。如果每遇到生词，就查阅词典，不但会降低阅读速度，而且往往使阅读变得索然无味。据调查，影响人们阅读理解的，首先是词汇。因此学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，对排除阅读时某些生词的干扰，降低生词率是十分必要的。
任何一个实词，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。NMET阅读理解中猜测词义的考查内容既可以是文中的生词，也可以是熟词新义、短语或句子。但都要求考生根据上下文线索(即具体语境)作出推断。此类题的提问形式一般有：
1. Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to"... "?
2.The underlined word, means___.
3. The underlined phrase, means__.
4.The underlined sentence means_______.
利用上下文的提示猜测词义的方法有如下几种：
1.根据定义或解释猜测词义
【例题】
(1)A calendar is a list of the days,weeks,months of a particular year.根据定义, calendar 的意思是日历。
(2)A biography is the story of a person's life written by someone else 根据定义， biography 的意思是凡别人写的生平叫做传记。
(3)Some writers are no longer writing about the modern values of the USA--money, Success or expensive things to buy.
2.破折号后而的内容是对 value 一词的具体解释。
【例题】
(1)He replied quickly. But after he considered the problem more carefully, he regretted having made such a hasty decision.根据耻下文学语境意义，可悟出 quickly 与 hasty 同义。
(2)Although people in many countries consider raw meat a delicacy(美味), we Chinese people seldom eat any meat that is uncooked.根据上下文语境意义得知 raw meat 即是 meat that is uncooked. Raw 与 uncooked 表示相同意思生的，未煮过的。
(3)--1 think we are being watched.
--Really? What makes you think we are under surveillance?根据语境，可判断出 being watched -15 under surveillance 是同义关系。
(4)During the concert, the children were quiet but afterwards, they became boiaterous.
but 表示转折意思，因此 bomterous 是 quiet 的反义词，意思为吵吵嚷嚷的。
(5)Unlike her gregarious sister,Jane is a shy person,who does not like to go to parties,or to make new friends.
unlike 是关键词，它表示Jane与她的姐姐完全不同。根据后面对Jane的描述“…ashyper son,．．．not like to go parties or to make new froends'，可得知gregarious的意思是好交际的。
3．根据举例
【例题】
(1)Scientists are studying how birds such ternsmigrate．
根据举例法(such as)，得知terns是一种鸟。
(2)Today young couples whoare just starting their households often spend lots of their money on appliances?for example，washing--machines，fridges and color TVs．
根据举例法(for example)，得知appUances是指washing-machines，fridges and co1or TVs这类家用电器。
(3)Several other gases，such as argon，comprise the remaining one per cent of the vo1ume of dry air．
SUChas提示argon为某种气体。
4．根据因果关系。
【例题】
(1)She did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading．
because之前的分句表示结果，之后的分句表示原因，可推理，她没有听见的原因是她完全被阅读吸引住了或她正全神贯注地看书。因此engrossed的意思是被吸引的，全神贯注的。
(2)The noise was so faint that it was impossible to besure what it was or even where it came fronL
So．．．that．．．，结构引导的句子也表示因果关系。因此可判断出faint在此句中的意思是微弱的。声音太弱，以致不能确认是什么声音或是从哪里发出的。
(3)ThiS kind of flower thrives in this area because the weather is warm，the Soil is excellent，and there iS a lot of rain。
because一词决定了flower与warm weather，excellent sOil，a10t Of rain之间是因果关系。因此thdves的意思是茂盛成长。
5．根据句意或上下文语境
例1 If he think she can invitemeout，he is all wet．I don't like to be with the them.
A. drunk B．sweating C．happy D．mistaken
【解 析】 根据第二句我不喜欢跟他在一起，可推断出，如果他认为他能约我出去，那他就错了。这两句话实际上暗含因果关系。
【答 案】 D
例2 At the age of 77，John was still playing a skill ful game of tennis，ran four miles everydday and seldom missed his daily swim．For a man of his age he was extremely robust．
According to the short passage，the word“robust”，probably means__.
A.strange B．weak
C．strong D.interesting
【答 案】 C 根据语境的意思，一个77岁的人还能如此运动，可以说是身体不错，因此可以推断robust是strong强壮的意思。
由此可见猜测词义离不开上下文、离不开具体语境。
【技巧点金】
这类问题问及名词的指代，问题涉及的词语有四类：词组短语、生僻单词、旧词新意。这类问题的设计目的不是考查考生的词汇量，而是从特定的角度考查考生的阅读理解能力和根据上下文推测词义及处理生词的能力。所以解答这类试题同样要紧扣原文，特别是当问及的是我们所认识的单词时，不能凭我们对该词的已有知识贸然选择，而要根据上下文来确定该词在文中的确切含义。
①利用定义和重述
在一篇文章中，作者有时估计到读者对文中某个词不熟悉，常常采用直接定义法或用另一种方式进行解释。有时作者会采用重述，即对文章前面所提到的人或物的某些情况进行重新或补充的阐释，这种重新做出的阐述往往包括前面句子中这个生词的词义。这种解释可能是一句话，也可能是一段或几段，表达这类情况常用的词语有：means，is，that is ，refers to ，can be defined as等。如：
…One of the women，for instance ，on leaving her house for work one morning threw her dog her earrings and tried to fix a dog biscuit on her ear.” The explanation for this is that the brain is like a computer,”explains the professor. “People programme themselves to do certain activities regularly.It was the woman′s custom every morning to throw her dog two biscuits and then put on her earrings. But somehow the action got reversed in the programme.” About one in twenty of the incidents the volunteers reported were these “programme assembly failure.”
Q:“ programme assembly failure.”refers to the phenomenon that people＿
A.ofen fail to programme their routines beforehand.
.B.tend to make mistakes when they are in a hurry.
C.unconsciously change the sequence of doing things.
D.are likely to mess things up if they are too tired
programme assembly failure.是对前文中somehow the action got reversed in the programme的重述。答案为C。
②利用相关信息
有时，要知道一个词的确切含义，还需要从上下文已知的有关信息中获得提示或线索。如：
The fitness movement that begin in the late in the 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise（有氧操）.Millions of individual became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities ,and literally thousands of health spans developed around the country to capitalize(获利)on this emerging interest in fitness ,particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement ,even a national chain with spas in most major cities.However ,their focus was not on aerobic ,but rather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass ,strength , and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts.These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially from the aerobic fitness movement to better health ,since medical opinion suggested that weight –training programs offered few ,if any ,health benefits...
Q:The word “spas”(Line 2) most probably refers to ＿.
A. sports activities.
B. places for physical exercise.
C. recreation centers.
D. athletic training programs.
选B。spas既然要capitalize on this emerging interest in fitness ,它一定与健身有关,既然能以national chain (全国连锁)这样的形式存在,它一定是一个营业机构。
③利用举例
有时作者使用了某个生词，为了让读者明白，常常用后面举出实例的方法来阐释。这种方法用来引起下文的词有“for example，for instance，such，such as，as，as …as ”等，如：
Priscilla Ouchida’s “energy–efficient” house turned out to be a horrible dream.When she and her engineer husband married a few years ago , They built a $100,000 ,three –bedroom home in California.Tightly sealed to prevent air-leaks ,the house was equipped with small double-paned (双层玻璃的) windows and several other energy-saving features. Problems began as soon as the couple moved in , however. Priscilla’s eyes burned. Her throat was constantly dry. She suffered from headaches and could hardly sleep.It was as though she had suddenly developed a strange illness.
Experts finally traced the cause of her illness.The level of formaldehyde (甲醛) gas in her kitchen was twice the maximum allowed by federal standards for chemical workers.The source of the gas ? Her new kitchen cabinets and wall-to-wall carpeting.
The Ouchidas are victims of indoor pollution ,which is not given sufficient attention partly because of the nations drive to save energy.The problem itself isn’t new. “The indoor environment was dirty long before energy conservation came along ”Says Moschandreas ,a pollution scientist at Geomet Technologies in Maryland.“Energy conservation has tended to accentuate the situation in some cases.”
Q: The word “accentuate”most probably means “＿”
A. worsen B.relieve.
C.improve. D.Accelerate
选A。本文是通过举出Priscilla Ouchida 的例子来探讨节能对室内环境的负面影响，Moschandress 的两句话之间是递进的关系。
④利用句际关系
有时作者会用but, however 等明显的句际关系词，或like ,as 等表示相似意义的词使上下文形成比较，对照，可以据此推测生词词义。但也有很多情况没有关系词，只能通过意思来判断，如上例。
干扰项的特点
与上下文不相吻合的我们所熟悉的定义；与上下文似乎相吻合的错误的定义；出现在上下文中的与本词词性相同的词；问及指代词时，干扰项一般是上下文中出现的名词或名词短语。
（西电中学 巩 勃）
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