学习英语过去分词用法应注意的问题

巩 勃

作为英语非谓语动词的一种形式，学习英语过去分词用法时，我认为应注意联系现在分词和不定式结构，在比较当中去强化训练，加深理解，便于掌握。

一、过去分词作定语的用法

1. 单个过去分词作定语，常放在被修饰词的前面;过去分词短语作定语，常放在被修饰词的后面。

    spoken English

   = English which is spoken

    terrified people

   = the people who are terrified

    an organized way

   = a way that is organized

2. 及物动词的过去分词表示结束了的被动动作或者没有一定的时间性,只表示被动关系。

     polluted water

   =  water which is polluted

     reserved seats

   =  the seats which were reserved

     trapped animal

   =  the animal which was trapped

3. 不及物动词的过去分词不表被动，只表示动作发生在谓语动词之前，含有动作完成，动作结束之含义。

   boiled water

   = water which has boiled

   fallen leaves

   = the leaves which have fallen

   risen sun

   = the sun which has risen

4. 过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开。

       The books, written by Joe, are very popular with teenagers. 这些书是乔写的，深受青少年的喜爱。

      Some of them, born and brought up in rural villages, had never been to Beijing. 他们中的一些人，在农村出生并长大，从没过北京.

5. 过去分词、现在分词和不定式作定语的用法区别

①过去分词做定语与其修饰词之间是动宾关系且过去分词表示的动作已完成。

②现在分词作定语表示动作正在发生，与修饰词是主谓关系。

③不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作。

The Olympic Games, __A_ in 776 B.C. did not include women players until 1912.

       A. first played            B. to be first played   

       C. first playing            D. to be first playing

其中first played in 776B.C. =  which was first played in 776 B.C.

二、过去分词作状语的典型用法

1. 过去分词作状语：过去分词作状语时，说明动作发生的背景或情况，其等同于一个状语从句。vt 过去分词作状语时与主句主语构成被动关系，表示被动和完成，vi 过去分词表示状态或动作的完成。

例如：

Worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days.

Well-known for their expertise, his parents’ company …..

Confused by the new surroundings, I was hit by the lack of fresh air.

Exhausted, I slid into the bed and fell fast asleep.

1） 作原因状语，等于as / since / because 引导从句

Moved by what she said ,we couldn’t help crying . = ( As we are moved by what she said …

2） 作时间状语，等于when 引导时间从句，如果分词表示的动作与谓语的动作同时发生，可在分词前加when/ while / until 等使时间意义更明确。

When heated , water can be changed into steam .

Seen from the hill ,the park looks very beautiful .= ( When the park is seen from the hill…

3） 作条件状语等于 if  /  whether 引导从句

 Given more attention , the cabbages could have grown better .= ( If they have been given more attention ….

Compared with you , we still have a long way to go  =  ( If we are compared with you …

4） 作方式或伴随状语

The actress came in , followed by her fans .

She sat by the window , lost in thought .

5） 作让步状语

Much tired ,he still kept on working .＝（Although he was tired ,) he ….

6） 独立主格结构： 当分词的逻辑主语不是主句主语时，分词可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。常用来表示伴随情况。

The boy rushed into the classroom , his face covered with sweat .

All things considered ,your article is of great value than hers .

试比较

1 Asked what had happened, he told us about it.

→When he was asked what had happened, …

2 Well known for his expert advice, he received many invitations to give lectures.

→Because he was well known for his expert advice, …

3 Given more time, we would be able to do the work much better.

 If we were given more time,

4 Once translated into Chinese, the book became very popular among Chinese teenagers.

Once it was translated into Chinese,

5 Deeply interested in medicine, she decided to become a doctor.

Because she was deeply interested in medicine,

6 Left alone at home, Sam did not feel afraid at all.

Although he was left alone at home,

2. 现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别

现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，；而过去分词与其逻辑主语之间则表示被动关系。

Seeing these pictures, I couldn’t help thinking of those days when I was in Beijing . Seen from the top of a thirty-storeyed building, Beijing looks more magnificent. (see)

•         选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例如：

•         Used for a long time, the book looks old.

•         由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。

    Using the book, I find it useful.

•         在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用

注意:1.系表结构表示主语所处的状态，常用的表达有：

be lost in                  

be dressed in

be interested in

be devoted to

   be supposed to

be caught in the rain

be seated in

be prepared for

be determined to

　　2.不与主语保持一致的固定结构

    generally speaking　一般说来

　strictly/ frankly speaking 严格地说/坦白地说

　 judging from 从…判断

　 all things considered 从整体来看

　 taking all things into consideration　全面看来

例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。

Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs.

总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 （speaking 不是dogs   的动作）

三、过去分词作表语  

表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。许多动词的过去分词已经被当作形容词使用。如：disappointed, excited, moved, puzzled, pleased, surprised, lost等。例如：

The window is broken. 窗户碎了。

Don’t get so excited. 别这么激动。

1. 用作表语的过去分词被动意味很弱，主要表示动作的完成和状态，此时相当于一个形容词。

2. 被动语态的过去分词动词意味很强,句子主语为动作的承受者，后面常跟by短语。

① The glass is broken.

     The glass was broken by Tom.

② The windows are closed.

     The windows are closed by Jack.

3.表示“感觉流露”的一些过去分词(如:interested,

     surprised, excited, frightened, shocked)和一些过去分词，如dressed, drunk, devoted, lost, known)常用作表语,表示状态.其中有些仅表示状态,毫无被动意味。

① How did the audience receive the new play?

     They got very excited.

② How did Bob do in the exams this time?

     Well, his father seems pleased with his results.

③  She was very disappointed to hear the result.

④       He’s quite experienced in teaching beginners.

四、过去分词可作宾补

此时的过去分词一般是及物动词，表被动意义或完成意义，有时两者兼而有之。做宾补的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系，即宾语是过去分词动作的对象。如：
She found the door broken in when she came back.(宾补与宾语有被动的关系，表一种状态。)
1． 过去分词用在表状态的动词keep,leave等的后面。
Eg:They kept the door locked for a long time.
Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open.(谚语：少说多看）
Don't leave such an important thing undone.
Don't leave the windows broken like this all the time.
2．过分词用在get,have,make, 的后面。
1) 注意“have +宾语+过去分词”的两种情况：
A）表"让某人做某事/让某事（被人）做"
eg: I have had my bike repaired.
The villagers had many trees planted just then.
B)表"遭遇到某种不幸，受到打击/受....影响，蒙受..... 损失"
Eg:I had my wallet stolen on a bus last month.
The old man had his leg broken in the accident.
He had his leg broken in the match yesterday.(MET1986)
2）"make+宾语+过去分词",在这种结构中，过去分词的动词必须是表示结果含义的。如：
They managed to make themselves understood in very simple English.
I raised my voice to make myself heard.
3、过去分词用在感观动词watch,notice,see,hear,listen to ,feel,find等后面。如
When we got to school,we saw the door locked.
We can hear the windows beaten by the heavy rain drops.
He felt himself cheated.
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year.(NMET2000)
4、过去分词用在want,wish,like ,expect等表示“希望，愿望”这一类动词后面做宾补。如
The boss wouldn't like the problem discussed at the moment.
I would like my house painted white.
I want the suit made to his own measure.
I wish the problem settled.
5、过去分词用在“with +宾语＋宾补”这一结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。如：
The thief was brought in with his hands tied behind his back.
With many brightly-coloured flowers planted around the building ,his house looks like a beautiful garden.
With everything well arranged,he left the office.
6、过去分词、现在分词、和不定式作宾补的区别。
现在分词作宾补：宾语和补语之间是主谓关系。其动作与谓语动作同时进行。
过去分词作宾补：宾语和补语之间是动宾关系。其动作先于谓语动作。
不定式作宾补：　表一个完成的动作、或表一个很短时间内看到、听到或感觉到的具体动作。
eg:He didn't notice me waiting.
I heard the song sung in English.
I heard her sing the song in English.

I saw him opening the window.
I saw the window opened.
I saw him open the window.

 

（工作单位  西安市西电中学）